{"id":5461,"date":"2015-05-16T06:51:50","date_gmt":"2015-05-16T06:51:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/?page_id=360"},"modified":"2015-05-16T06:51:50","modified_gmt":"2015-05-16T06:51:50","slug":"networking-davidpapkin-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/?page_id=5461","title":{"rendered":"Networking links by David Papkin"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right; padding-left: 40px;\">This page by David Papkin shows useful network links<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.netacad.com\/\">Enroll in Cisco Networking Academy<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lnkd.in\/gymj4-ik\">Cisco Networking Academy Resource Hub<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/training-events\/training-certifications\/exams\/current-list\/ccna-200-301.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CCNAX 200-301 exam<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningcontent.cisco.com\/documents\/marketing\/study-plans\/2022_CCNAExam_StudyTool.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">200-301 CCNA Exam Topics Study Tool<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/learning\/cisco-exam-mythbusters-part-1#respond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heard This About Cisco Exams? Let\u2019s Set the Record Straight<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=trOb6Qj_Wqw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco Certifications: Don&#8217;t test until you know the truth (Part 1)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AFKnny7gITk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco Certifications: Don\u2019t test until you know the truth (Part 2)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/ccna-live-stream?utm_campaign=ccna-prep-final-stretch&amp;utm_source=social-netacad&amp;utm_medium=LinkedIn-netacad\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CCNA Prep: Your ultimate self-study resource<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/ccna-live-stream\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CCNA-live-stream<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/cisco-exam-safeguard?ccid=safeguard25&amp;dtid=mediabuy&amp;oid=plinkedin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CCNA Exam Safeguard<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/blogs\/a0DQO00000616W92AI\/steps-to-the-future-the-modern-ccna\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steps to the Future: The Modern CCNA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CCNA Podcast: <a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/safety\/go\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flnkd%2Ein%2FedNabxxr&amp;urlhash=cByt&amp;mt=KV-PrjoqUKyd5VIkawIMd9mJNNuNKaqQrusrkQAwzBafN9veuwAdDyMETzRyjuY48QjrWy_VtFl-QxFxkyB22q-epzg9AKH0AZH-h0oGfo8dmBTDsfHZel9z&amp;isSdui=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>https:\/\/lnkd.in\/edNabxxr<\/strong><\/span><\/a><br \/><br \/>CCNA discussion thread: <a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/safety\/go\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flnkd%2Ein%2FemqS3J7W&amp;urlhash=o6Ft&amp;mt=sLnMLc9-2WzpED5C469rm76nYDXKDVkubMv3N1Uy4-Ap6Y7iaEYBI04ChaOWEA5rJpCoHyaDu19_6AngC06dQBjo-DlV1u8mCslWQ3_JwX0flyLixXU794Ho&amp;isSdui=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>https:\/\/lnkd.in\/emqS3J7W<\/strong><\/span><\/a><br \/><br \/>What&#8217;s Different\u00a0?<br \/>Troubleshooting &amp; Problem Solving are the core skills, not add-ons<br \/>Security is woven throughout. <br \/>AI is in the exam<br \/>Practical assessments replace pure memorization<br \/>CCNA 2.0 Blueprint EXPLAINED: What&#8217;s New, What&#8217;s Gone &amp; How to Prepare<br \/>Wendell Odom explained it below :<br \/><a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/safety\/go\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flnkd%2Ein%2FeVrWRk8m&amp;urlhash=qQid&amp;mt=2nifBVc5rQGeQeKD2FlUPK5OF-pTncZQh11kchQZQdha2WGO-1t3FS2Op2-j41rCtgMZODRj9Zv1XrcSQabd9CxevhQKDDokbU56vDJjsK5q4X5mpjdBzp_6&amp;isSdui=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>https:\/\/lnkd.in\/eVrWRk8m<\/strong><\/span><\/a><br \/><br \/>Wendell Odom&#8217;s Videos about it :<br \/><a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/safety\/go\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flnkd%2Ein%2Fe-vquJn7&amp;urlhash=BGft&amp;mt=oKW6LzO4f6tjUi5Mxd8k1a1YkowBndXCxVeai1Gyw1QjHIHU0byV2ZDQuzpIfV6rVvoQZVO_9t0nrCp6mBVNUBO_OqP4xO_VkKviPk-0NxsHeYxvo6zRpkhf&amp;isSdui=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>https:\/\/lnkd.in\/e-vquJn7<\/strong><\/span><\/a><br \/><a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/safety\/go\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flnkd%2Ein%2FeM8aNn9V&amp;urlhash=rILO&amp;mt=P4Sv1UiV-uJwtMbpJAtwqL-4vSyt8acTesE_NXcvFHEzPaOnp6FuQLH7YRwjIBfdd7gDzcsr04nC4Sy0x1kWwZvMwXKqGxMDquvA15iU850eD4CngSEgHlMa&amp;isSdui=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>https:\/\/lnkd.in\/eM8aNn9V<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><br \/><a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/cisco_training_and_certification\/\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>Learn with Cisco<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"_408ae327 a568714c\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/cisco-community\/\"><span class=\"_001d1f6b\"><strong>Cisco Community<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/training-events\/training-certifications\/certifications.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco Certifications<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/packet-tracer-alternative-lab-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco Labs options<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"ui-widget\" data-priority=\"\" data-item-id=\"e5a142c8-8323-44a7-a42a-b812dcf2b3ae\" data-aura-rendered-by=\"35:390;a\">\n<p class=\"slds-text-heading_medium slds-text-align_left cPeak_Base\" data-aura-rendered-by=\"26:390;a\" data-aura-class=\"cPeak_Base\">Packet Tracer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"forceCommunityRichText forceCommunityHtmlBlock\" data-aura-rendered-by=\"41:390;a\" data-aura-class=\"forceCommunityRichText forceCommunityHtmlBlock\">\n<div class=\"uiOutputRichText\" dir=\"ltr\" data-aura-rendered-by=\"45:390;a\" data-aura-class=\"uiOutputRichText\">\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><b>Packet Tracer<\/b>\u00a0is a free network simulator tool for certification exam preparation, particularly for CCNA students. It\u2019s available directly through the Cisco Networking Academy. Download and install the Packet Tracer software by signing up for the Introduction to Packet Tracer course, which teaches you the basics of using the tool.<\/p>\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.netacad.com\/courses\/packet-tracer\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download Packet Tracer here<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><b>Cisco Learning Labs<\/b>\u00a0offer you a chance to practice lab exercises on a virtual lab topology hosted by Cisco and grouped according to the certification exam for which you\u2019re studying. When you choose an exam, you can purchase the rights to practice lab exercises for topics on that exam. During a three-month access, you can use a virtual lab pod to run real IOS (routers and switches).<\/p>\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetworkstore.cisco.com\/cisco-learning-labs\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purchase Cisco Learning Labs here<\/a><\/p>\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><b>Cisco Modeling Labs<\/b>\u00a0is an on-premise network simulation tool that runs on workstations and servers and lets you easily simulate Cisco and non-Cisco networks using real Cisco images. This gives you highly reliable models for designing, testing, and troubleshooting. Compared to building out real-world labs, Cisco Modeling Labs returns results faster, more easily, and for a fraction of the cost.<\/p>\n<p data-aura-rendered-by=\"46:390;a\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetworkstore.cisco.com\/cisco-modeling-labs-personal\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Purchase Cisco Modeling Labs &#8211; Personal here<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Collaboration Certifications Roadmap Webinar<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/training-events\/training-certifications\/certifications\/professional\/ccnp-collaboration-v2.html\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/training-events\/training-certifications\/certifications\/professional\/ccnp-collaboration-v2.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Shows config and lists different syslog levels<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/configuring-system-message-logging\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Configuring System Message Logging (Cisco)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/access\/wireless\/software\/guide\/SysMsgLogging.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Configure System Logging (Cisco link)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/configuring-cisco-ios-to-automatically-save-the-running-configuration-to-a-tftp-server-on-save\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Configuring Cisco IOS to automatically save the running configuration to a tftp server on save<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/supportforums.cisco.com\/blog\/150396\/booting-cisco-router-tftp-server\">Booting Cisco Router from a TFTP server<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/routers\/10000-series-routers\/50421-config-register-use.html\">Use of the Configuration Register on All Cisco Routers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/understanding-cisco-auto-archive-feature-to-backup-configuration-file\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding Cisco Auto Archive Feature to Backup Configuration File<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/adjust-administrative-distance-for-route-selection-in-cisco-ios-routers\/\">Adjust Administrative Distance for Route Selection in Cisco IOS Routers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/interface-and-line-numbers-in-cisco-routers\/\">Interface and Line Numbers in Cisco Routers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/spanning-tree-protocol\/69980-errdisable-recovery.html\">Errdisable Port State Recovery on the Cisco IOS Platforms<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ios-nx-os-software\/ios-software-releases-122-mainline\/15096-idb-limit.html\">Maximum Number of Interfaces and Subinterfaces for Cisco IOS Routers: IDB Limits<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/en\/US\/docs\/ios\/12_2\/dial\/configuration\/guide\/daficl_external_docbase_0900e4b18075407b_4container_external_docbase_0900e4b1807543f3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Overview of Dial Interfaces, Controllers, and Lines<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Access Lists<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Standard Access Lists &#8211; Filters bases on Source Address and Wildcard mask<\/p>\n<p>Extended Access Lists &#8211; Filters based Source Address, Destination Address, Wildcard mask, Protocol and Port.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ansible<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/learning\/labs\/ansible-03_ansible-hands-on\/ansible-hands-on\/\">https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/learning\/labs\/ansible-03_ansible-hands-on\/ansible-hands-on\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dfRzfkbmx-A\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dfRzfkbmx-A<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>APIPA\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>&#8211; <\/strong><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">was developed by Microsoft as a<br \/>means for clients that could not contact a DHCP server to communicate on the<br \/>local network anyway. If a Windows host does not receive a response from a DHCP<br \/>server within a given time frame, it selects an address at random from the range<br \/>169.254.1.1 to 169.254.254.254.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">These addresses are from one of the address ranges reserved for private addressing<br \/>(169.254.0.0\/16). The first and last subnets are supposed to be unused.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">This type of addressing is referred to as link local in standards documentation<br \/>(RFC 3927).<br \/>APIPA has no mechanism for assigning default gateway or DNS server addresses.<br \/>Hosts using APIPA are restricted to communicating on the local network<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>ARP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/ipaddr_arp\/configuration\/xe-16\/arp-xe-16-book.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IP Addressing: ARP Configuration Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cabling<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.universalnetworks.co.uk\/faq\/what-does-utp-s-utp-ftp-stp-and-sftp-mean\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHAT DOES UTP, S\/UTP, FTP, STP AND SFTP MEAN?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.tripplite.com\/what-is-the-difference-between-shielded-and-unshielded-network-cables\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is the difference between shielded and unshielded network cables<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/security\/asa\/hw\/maintenance\/5585guide\/5585Xhw\/pinouts.pdf\">Cisco Cable Pinouts ( rollover , aux , Ethernet )<\/a><\/p>\n<pre><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO\/IEC_11801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO\/IEC_11801 wiring standards<\/a><\/pre>\n<p><a style=\"font-size: revert;\" href=\"https:\/\/tripplite.eaton.com\/products\/ethernet-cable-types\">https:\/\/tripplite.eaton.com\/products\/ethernet-cable-types<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table id=\"table-category-cable-summary\" class=\"table table-bordered\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Category<\/th>\n<th>Max. Data Rate<\/th>\n<th>Bandwidth<\/th>\n<th>Max. Distance<\/th>\n<th>Usage<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 1<\/td>\n<td>1 Mbps<\/td>\n<td>0.4 MHz<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>Telephone and modem lines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 2<\/td>\n<td>4 Mbps<\/td>\n<td>4 MHz<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>LocalTalk &amp; Telephone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 3<\/td>\n<td>10 Mbps<\/td>\n<td>16 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>10BaseT Ethernet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 4<\/td>\n<td>16 Mbps<\/td>\n<td>20 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>Token Ring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 5<\/td>\n<td>100 Mbps<\/td>\n<td>100 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>100BaseT Ethernet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 5e<\/td>\n<td>1 Gbps<\/td>\n<td>100 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>100BaseT Ethernet, residential homes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 6<\/td>\n<td>1 Gbps<\/td>\n<td>250 MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">100 m (328 ft.)<br \/>10Gb at 37 m (121 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>Gigabit Ethernet, commercial buildings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 6a<\/td>\n<td>10 Gbps<\/td>\n<td>500 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>Gigabit Ethernet in data centers and commercial buildings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 7<\/td>\n<td>10 Gbps<\/td>\n<td>600 MHz<\/td>\n<td>100 m (328 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>10 Gbps Core Infrastructure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 7a<\/td>\n<td>10 Gbps<\/td>\n<td>1000 MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">100 m (328 ft.)<br \/>40Gb at 50 m (164 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>10 Gbps Core Infrastructure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">Category 8<\/td>\n<td class=\"nowrap\">25 Gbps (Cat8.1)<br \/>40 Gbps (Cat8.2)<\/td>\n<td>2000 MHz<\/td>\n<td>30 m (98 ft.)<\/td>\n<td>25 Gbps\/40 Gbps Core Infrastructurezxccc\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/sp\/fiberopticspt2singlemultifiber\">Fiber Optics Part 2: Single-Mode Fiber vs. Multi-Mode-Fiber<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cableorganizer.com\/telecom-datacom\/connectors.htm\">Differences between T568A and T568B explained<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pinoutguide.com\/Net\/poe_pinout.shtml\">Power over Ethernet (POE) pinout<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ppc-online.com\/blog\/fiber-connectors-whats-the-difference\">https:\/\/www.ppc-online.com\/blog\/fiber-connectors-whats-the-difference<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cablematters.com\/Blog\/Networking\/fiber-optic-connector-types\">https:\/\/www.cablematters.com\/Blog\/Networking\/fiber-optic-connector-types<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tmgmatrix.cisco.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco Optics-to-Device Compatibility Matrix<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SE54ILAoerQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to use a punchdown tool video (very good!!!)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Configuration Monitoring<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Configuration management tools can monitor device configurations to discover when the<br \/>device configuration differs from the intended ideal configuration, and then either reconfigure the device or notify the network engineering staff to make the change<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>CRUD and HTTP Verbs<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The software industry uses a memorable acronym\u2014<b><i>CRUD<\/i><\/b>\u2014for the four primary actions performed by an application.<\/p>\n<p><b>Create: <\/b>Allows the client to create some new instances of variables and data structures at the server and initialize their values as kept at the server<br \/><b>Read: <\/b>Allows the client to retrieve (read) the current value of variables that exist at the server, storing a copy of the variables, structures, and values at the client<br \/><b>Update: <\/b>Allows the client to change (update) the value of variables that exist at the server<br \/><b>Delete: <\/b>Allows the client to delete from the server different instances of data variables<\/p>\n<p>For example, using the northbound REST API of a DNA controller (See Cisco Software-Defined Access (SDA),\u201d for info)\u00a0 you might want to create something, like a new security policy. From a programming perspective, the security policy exists as a related set of configuration settings on the DNA controller, internally represented by variables. To do that, a REST client application would use a <b>C<\/b><b>reate<\/b> action, using the DNA Center RESTful API, that created variables on the DNA Controller via the DNA Center REST API.<\/p>\n<p>HTTP uses verbs that mirror CRUD actions. HTTP defines the concept of an HTTP request and reply, with the client sending a request and with the server answering back with a reply.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crudhttp.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-3600\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crudhttp-300x60.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"60\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crudhttp-300x60.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crudhttp.jpg 633w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Each request\/reply lists an action verb in the HTTP request header, which defines the HTTP action. The HTTP messages also include a URI, which identifies the resource being manipulated for this request. As always, the HTTP message is carried in IP and TCP, with headers and data, as seen below.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Crudandhttpverbs-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-3588\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Crudandhttpverbs-1-300x101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"101\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Crudandhttpverbs-1-300x101.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Crudandhttpverbs-1.jpg 506w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>DHCP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/ipaddr_dhcp\/configuration\/15-mt\/dhcp-15-mt-book\/config-dhcp-server.html\">Cisco IP Addressing: DHCP Configuration Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/networklessons.com\/cisco\/ccie-routing-switching\/dhcp-static-binding-on-cisco-ios\/\">DHCP Static Binding on Cisco IOS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>CSMA\/CD<\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0<strong data-start=\"23\" data-end=\"81\">Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection<\/strong>. It is a network protocol used primarily in <strong data-start=\"126\" data-end=\"153\">early Ethernet networks<\/strong> (especially <strong data-start=\"166\" data-end=\"178\">10Base-T<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"194\">10Base2<\/strong> Ethernet) to control access to a shared transmission medium (e.g., a coaxial cable or hub-based Ethernet).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"340\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Breakdown of CSMA\/CD:<\/span><br \/><br \/>1. <strong data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"372\">CS \u2013 Carrier Sense<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"589\">\n<li data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"523\">\n<p data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"523\"><strong data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"393\">What it means:<\/strong> Before a device attempts to send data, it <strong data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"459\">listens to (senses)<\/strong> the network to check if another device is already transmitting.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"589\">\n<p data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"589\"><strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"538\">Purpose:<\/strong> Avoids transmission when the line is already busy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"623\">2. <strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"623\">MA \u2013 Multiple Access<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"795\">\n<li data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"723\">\n<p data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"723\"><strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"644\">What it means:<\/strong> Multiple devices are connected to and <strong data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"722\">share the same communication medium<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"795\">\n<p data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"795\"><strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"742\">Implication:<\/strong> Any of the devices can try to send data at any time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"833\">3. <strong data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"833\">CD \u2013 Collision Detection<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<li data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"986\">\n<p data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"986\"><strong data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"854\">What it means:<\/strong> While transmitting, a device <strong data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"907\">monitors the medium<\/strong> to detect if another device started transmitting at the same time (collision).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<p data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1020\"><strong data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1020\">If a collision is detected:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1023\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<li data-start=\"1023\" data-end=\"1071\">\n<p data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1071\">The devices <strong data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1058\">stop transmitting<\/strong> immediately.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1074\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<p data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1164\">They wait for a <strong data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1115\">random backoff time<\/strong> before trying again (using exponential backoff).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1568\" data-end=\"1601\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Where CSMA\/CD Is Used:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1942\">\n<thead data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1622\">\n<tr data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1622\">\n<th data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1613\" data-col-size=\"md\">Used In<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1942\">\n<tr data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1751\">\n<td data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1703\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1643\" data-end=\"1702\">Classic Ethernet (10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T with hubs)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1703\" data-end=\"1751\">Shared medium networks \u2013 prone to collisions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1847\">\n<td data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1779\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1754\" data-end=\"1778\">Half-Duplex Ethernet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1847\">Only one direction of traffic at a time; collisions are possible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1942\">\n<td data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1874\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1850\" data-end=\"1873\">Legacy environments<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1874\" data-end=\"1942\">Mostly obsolete in modern full-duplex switched Ethernet networks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p data-start=\"1949\" data-end=\"1986\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Where CSMA\/CD Is NOT Used:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2235\">\n<li data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2109\">\n<p data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2109\"><strong data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2033\">Modern switched Ethernet (Full-Duplex):<\/strong> No collisions occur because each device has a dedicated path to the switch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2110\" data-end=\"2235\">\n<p data-start=\"2112\" data-end=\"2235\"><strong data-start=\"2112\" data-end=\"2145\">Wi-Fi (uses CSMA\/CA instead):<\/strong> Collision <em data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2167\">Avoidance<\/em> is used due to different characteristics of wireless communication.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>DHCP Snooping<\/b><\/p>\n<p>DHCP snooping is a feature that determines which devices attached to switch ports can respond to DHCP requests. DHCP snooping can be used to prevent unauthorised DHCP messages that contain information such as IP address-related data being provided to legitimate network devices.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Enable DHCP Snooping Globally<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Router(config)#<b>ip <\/b><b>dhcp<\/b><b> snooping<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Configure DHCP server facing switch port as <b>trusted<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Router(config-if)#<b>ip <\/b><b>dhcp<\/b><b> snooping trust<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Configure Snooping rate limit ex: 100 pps<\/p>\n<p>Router(config-if)#<b>ip <\/b><b>dhcp<\/b><b> snooping rate limit 100<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Configure Snooping Database agent<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Router(config)# <b>ip<\/b> <b>dhcp<\/b><b> snooping database tftp:\/\/10.1.1.1\/dir\/file<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/en\/US\/docs\/general\/Test\/dwerblo\/broken_guide\/snoodhcp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/en\/US\/docs\/general\/Test\/dwerblo\/broken_guide\/snoodhcp.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To prevent unauthorized Address Resolution Protocol , use <strong>Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">To configure DAI<\/span><\/p>\n<pre>Step 1. Use the ip arp inspection vlan vlan-list global command to enable Dynamic\nARP Inspection (DAI) on the switch for the specified VLANs.\n\nStep 2. Separate from the DAI configuration, also configure DHCP Snooping and\/or\nARP ACLs for use by DAI.\n\nStep 3. Configure the ip arp inspection trust interface subcommand to override the\ndefault setting of not trusted.<\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst4500\/12-2\/25ew\/configuration\/guide\/conf\/dynarp.html#54805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dynamic ARP Inspection<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Etherchannel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/switches\/catalyst-4000-series-switches\/23408-140.html\">Configuring Link aggregation with Etherchannel<\/a><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Increases bandwidth without upgrading equipment<\/li>\n<li>Adds High Availability<\/li>\n<li>Acts as 1 link to STP, so that multiple links stay active<\/li>\n<li>Active \/ Active Load Balancing<\/li>\n<li>Scalable<\/li>\n<li>Most configuration tasks can be done on the EtherChannel interface instead of on each individual port, ensuring configuration consistency throughout the links.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Event Prioritization and Alerting<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"248\">\n<tr data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"248\">\n<th data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"125\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"69\" data-end=\"93\">Event Prioritization<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"125\" data-end=\"189\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"139\">Alerting<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"248\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"209\">Why It Matters<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<table style=\"height: 45px;\" width=\"542\">\n<tbody>\n<tr data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"615\">\n<td data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"492\" data-col-size=\"md\">Determine event importance from devices<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"556\">Automated alerts based on event severity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"615\">Prevents performance issues<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"798\">\n<td data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"675\" data-col-size=\"md\">Categorize events, Emergency (0) to Debug (7)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"739\">Triggered by event types, thresholds, or anomalies<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"798\">Filters out non-critical alerts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"981\" data-is-last-node=\"\">\n<td data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"858\" data-col-size=\"md\">Identify immediate action vs. informational events<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"922\" data-col-size=\"md\">Alerts need attention; notifications inform<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"981\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-col-size=\"md\">Prioritizes critical events for system integrity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>GRE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2803868&amp;seqNum=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to configure GRE over an IPSec tunnel on routers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2803868&amp;seqNum=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPSEC VPN<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>HTTP Headers &#8211; <\/strong>used to pass additional information between the clients and the server through the\u00a0request\u00a0and\u00a0response\u00a0header. All the headers are case-insensitive, headers fields are separated by colon, key-value pairs in clear-text string format<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/http-headers\/\">https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/http-headers\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-4676\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1-788x1024.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"910\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1-788x1024.gif 788w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1-231x300.gif 231w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1-768x998.gif 768w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/1702652422142-1-1182x1536.gif 1182w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/letsdefend_what-happens-when-you-type-a-url-into-a-browser-activity-7141441954822750209-MGVG?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What happens when you type a URL into a browser?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>HSRP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst3560\/software\/release\/12-2_25_se\/configuration\/guide\/3560scg\/swhsrp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Configure HSRP<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/solutions\/Enterprise\/Campus\/HA_campus_DG\/hacampusdg.html#wp1108489\">Cisco Campus Network for High Availability Design Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/border-gateway-protocol-bgp\/15986-admin-distance.html\">Cisco What Is Administrative Distance?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hypervisor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/796988\/how-to-install-linux-in-virtualbox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Install Linux in VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.virtualbox.org\/wiki\/Downloads\">Downloads \u2013 Oracle VM VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxhint.com\/install_apache_server_setup_virtual_hosts_ubuntu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Install Apache Server and Set Up Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 22.04<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/Install-VirtualBox\">https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/Install-VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.virtualbox.org\/wiki\/End-user_documentation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual Box Documentation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/helpdeskgeek.com\/virtualization\/how-to-fix-vt-x-is-not-available-verr_vmx-no-vmx-error-in-virtualbox\/#:~:text=Error%20in%20Windows%3F-,Fix%201%3A%20Enable%20VT%2DX%20From%20BIOS,x%20and%20VT%2Dd%20options.\">How to Fix \u201cVT-X Is Not Available (verr_vmx-No-Vmx)\u201d Error in VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/wsl\/install\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Install Linux on Windows with WSL<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/computingforgeeks.com\/install-kvm-hypervisor-on-ubuntu-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How To Install KVM Hypervisor on Ubuntu 22.04|20.04<\/a><\/p>\n<p>MAC Hypervisor<\/p>\n<p>UTM\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mac.getutm.app\/\">https:\/\/mac.getutm.app<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D00iaBXOeO0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D00iaBXOeO0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>IOS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cisco.com\/networking\/cisco-ios-xe-past-present-and-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco IOS XE \u2013 Past, Present, and Future<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Intent-based Networking<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>SDN is a foundational building block of intent-based networking. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/site\/us\/en\/products\/networking\/dna-center-platform\/index.html\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cisco Catalyst Center <\/span><\/a>\u00a0provides a single dashboard for managing and controlling the enterprise network.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tools of Cisco Catalyst Center<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Discovery<\/strong> &#8211; Scans the network for new devices.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inventory<\/strong> &#8211; Provides inventory for new devices.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Topology<\/strong> &#8211; Discover and map new devices to a physical topology.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Image Repository<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Command Runner<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>License Manager<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Template Editor<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Network Plug and Play<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Telemetry<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Data and Reports<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>IPv4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/access\/800M\/software\/800MSCG\/routconf.html\">Configure IP address on Cisco router<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2181836&amp;seqNum=4\">Configure Cisco switch settings<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>IPv6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>IPv6 scope<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ipv6scope.jpg\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is ipv6scope.jpg\" width=\"440\" height=\"452\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/aa921042.aspx\">Microsoft IPv6 Addresses<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios\/ipv6\/configuration\/guide\/ipv6-xe-16-book-cat8000\/m_ip6-addrg-bsc-con.html\">Configuring IPv6<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>IP Phones<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/smb\/collaboration-endpoints\/cisco-ip-phone-6800-series\/access-the-web-page-of-a-6800-series-ip-phone.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Access the Web Configuration Page of a Cisco IP Phone 6800 Series<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/global\/fr_ca\/training-events\/pdfs\/Designing_An_Enterprise_IPT_Network.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Designing an Enterprise IP Telephony Network<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>ISE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zindagitech.com\/what-is-cisco-ise-and-its-personas\/\">https:\/\/zindagitech.com\/what-is-cisco-ise-and-its-personas\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routexp.com\/2019\/05\/introduction-to-secure-group-tagging-sgt.html\">https:\/\/www.routexp.com\/2019\/05\/introduction-to-secure-group-tagging-sgt.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.securew2.com\/blog\/eap-tls-vs-eap-ttls-pap\">https:\/\/www.securew2.com\/blog\/eap-tls-vs-eap-ttls-pap<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst9300\/software\/release\/16-6\/configuration_guide\/sec\/b_166_sec_9300_cg\/configuring_ieee_802_1x_port_based_authentication.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Configuring IEEE 802.1x Port-Based Authentication<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Logging<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Logging commands:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Configure syslog<\/span><\/p>\n<p>logging\u00a0host w.x.y.z &#8211; Log messages to a syslog server with IP address w.x.y.z<\/p>\n<p>logging trap informational<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Log terminal sessions<\/span><\/p>\n<p>terminal monitor &#8211; Log messages to a non console terminal session during the current session.<\/p>\n<p>show logging &#8211; Verify the &#8220;terminal monitor&#8221; command.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Loopback<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/access\/800M\/software\/800MSCG\/routconf.html#48525\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/access\/800M\/software\/800MSCG\/routconf.html#48525<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/study-ccna.com\/loopback-interface-loopback-address\/\">Understanding the Loopback Interface &amp; Loopback Address &#8211; Study CCNA (study-ccna.com)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Network Address Translation (NAT)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3 kinds ( Static, Dynamic and Overload )<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Static &#8211; 1 to 1 mapping, requires a Public IP for EACH Private IP you want to translate.<\/li>\n<li>Dynamic &#8211; Many to Many mapping, can use a pool of Public IP addresses to translate ANY Private IP mentioned in the access list.<\/li>\n<li>Overload ( Pat ) &#8211; \u00a0\u00a0 It translates many Private (local)l addresses into a single global address.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Advantages &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li value=\"1\">Reuse of private IP addresses<\/li>\n<li value=\"2\">Enhancing security for private networks by keeping internal addressing private from the external network<\/li>\n<li value=\"3\">Connecting a large number of hosts to the global Internet using a smaller number of public (external) IP address, thereby conserving IP address space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Disadvantages &#8211;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li value=\"1\">No end to end security<\/li>\n<li value=\"1\">Performance<\/li>\n<li value=\"1\">Application usage. Since hosts inside the network is unreachable at times, some applications tends to have compatibility issues with NAT. These applications depend on end to end functionality which the network fails to supply.\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li value=\"1\">\n<div><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Protocol Usage. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Since the value inside the headers are changed in NAT, tunneling protocols such as IPSec can be complicated to be used. Whenever the values inside the headers are modified, the integrity checks are interfered causing them to fail.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/network-address-translation-nat\/4606-8.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NAT: Local and Global Definitions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Network Architecture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2202410&amp;seqNum=4\">https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2202410&amp;seqNum=4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Three-tier Architecture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Access layer<\/strong>: Provides workgroup\/user access to the network<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Distribution layer<\/strong>: Provides policy-based connectivity and controls the boundary between the access and core layers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Core layer<\/strong>: Provides fast transport between distribution switches within the enterprise campus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Spine\u00a0and Leaf Architecture<\/strong> (two-tier)<\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/collateral\/switches\/nexus-7000-series-switches\/white-paper-c11-737022.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Spine-and-Leaf Architecture: Design Overview White Paper<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Network Diagram tools<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/diagrams\/solutions\/free-network-diagram-software\/\">Visual Paradigm Online (VP Online) Free Edition<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/logicnet.dk\/DiagramDesigner\/\">Diagram Designer 1.29.5 FreeWare<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.techrepublic.com\/blog\/five-apps\/five-free-apps-for-diagramming-your-network\/\">Five free apps for diagramming your network<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Network Management tools\/ NMS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarwinds.com\/network-performance-monitor\">Network Performance Monitor (NPM)<\/a> Multi-vendor network monitoring that scales and expands with the needs of your network<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.paessler.com\/prtg\">Paessler Router Traffic Grapher (PRTG)<\/a> Monitor all the systems, devices, traffic, and applications in your IT infrastructure.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manageengine.com\/network-monitoring\/\">ManageEngine OpManager\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>Monitor routers, switches, firewalls, servers, and VMs for fault and performance<br \/><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whatsupgold.com\/\"><span style=\"font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;\">WhatsUp Gold<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> provides complete visibility into the status and performance of applications, network devices and servers in the cloud or on-premises.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/site\/us\/en\/products\/networking\/dna-center-platform\/index.html#tabs-ca9b217826-item-1b113ceb83-tab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cisco DNA\u00a0<\/a>a powerful network controller that resides on a physical appliance, with virtual appliance support to come in the future.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/learning\/labs\/ansible-02_ansible-intro\/introduction-to-ansible\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Introduction to Ansible lab<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/puppet.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/puppet.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>OSPF<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q\u00a0<\/strong>What two parameters must be configured for basic OSPF to work properly?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong>Process ID and Area.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/open-shortest-path-first-ospf\/9237-9.html\">OSPF: Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Modifying OSPF cost.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The default reference bandwidth used for calculating cost on CIsco routers is 100Mbps<\/p>\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<div class=\"the-content\">\n<p>OSPF uses a simple formula to calculate the OSPF cost for an interface with this formula:<\/p>\n<p>cost = reference bandwidth \/ interface bandwidth<\/p>\n<p>However, if you have faster links in your network, such as gigabit Ethernet or OC-3 connections, OSPF can\u2019t give these links a better cost than 1. So you should set the reference bandwidth to at least as high as the fastest link in your network. In fact, you may want to set this value higher than the bandwidth of your fastest link to ensure that you don\u2019t have to reconfigure your whole network when you eventually upgrade<\/p>\n<p><a style=\"font-size: 14px;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/m\/en_us\/techdoc\/dc\/reference\/cli\/nxos\/commands\/ospf\/auto-cost-ospf.html\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/m\/en_us\/techdoc\/dc\/reference\/cli\/nxos\/commands\/ospf\/auto-cost-ospf.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnisecu.com\/cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna\/what-is-ospf-metric-value-cost-and-ospf-default-cost-reference-bandwidth.php#:~:text=The%20default%20Reference%20Bandwidth%20of,Gbps%20links%20are%20also%20common.\">What is OSPF Metric value Cost and OSPF default Cost Reference Bandwidth<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/library\/view\/cisco-ios-cookbook\/0596527225\/ch08s04.html\">Cisco IOS Cookbook, 2nd Edition by Kevin Dooley, Ian Brown<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3609 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1232\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost.png 1232w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost-300x129.png 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost-1024x441.png 1024w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/modifyOSPFcost-768x331.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1232px) 100vw, 1232px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3612 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable-1024x329.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable-1024x329.jpg 1024w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable-300x96.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable-768x247.jpg 768w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/ospfcosttable.jpg 1316w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">DR\/BDR Election<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/study-ccna.com\/designated-backup-designated-router\/#:~:text=Two%20rules%20are%20used%20to,priority%20will%20become%20a%20DR.&amp;text=if%20there%20is%20a%20tie,ID%20will%20become%20a%20BDR.\">Designated &amp; Backup Designated Router<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.packetflow.co.uk\/ospf-the-dr-and-bdr-roles\/#:~:text=Within%20OSPF%2C%20the%20role%20of,same%2C%20multiaccess%20broadcast%20network%20segment.\">DR\/BDR Roles<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.freeccnaworkbook.com\/workbooks\/ccna\/configuring-per-interface-ospf\">Configuring Per Interface OSPF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/iproute_ospf\/configuration\/xe-3e\/iro-xe-3e-book\/iro-mode-ospfv2.pdf\" data-rich-text-format-boundary=\"true\">Enabling OSPFv2 on an Interface Basis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learningnetwork.cisco.com\/s\/question\/0D53i00000Kt0wr\/ospf-area-and-asn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OSPF Area and ASN<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/docs\/en\/i\/7.3?topic=concepts-ospf-routing-domain-areas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Routing domains and Areas<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/ios-xe\/ip-routing\/b-ip-routing\/m_iro-ospfv2-crypto-authen.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OSPFv2 Cryptographic Authentication<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Packet Tracer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/packetracerlabs.zip\">packetracerlabs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Password Encryption<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/security\/d1\/sec-d1-xe-3se-3850-cr-book\/sec-d1-xe-3se-3850-cr-book_chapter_010.html\">Enable secret password config<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>QOS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst9400\/software\/release\/16-6\/configuration_guide\/qos\/b_166_qos_9400_cg\/b_166_qos_9400_cg_chapter_01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quality of Service (QoS) Configuration Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/help.sonicwall.com\/help\/sw\/eng\/7110\/26\/2\/4\/content\/Firewall_Managing_QoS.088.3.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">802.1p and DSCP QoS<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>RADIUS vs TACACS+<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"462\" class=\"wp-image-4250\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x-1024x462.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x-1024x462.jpg 1024w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x-300x135.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x-768x346.jpg 768w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x-1018x460.jpg 1018w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/8021x.jpg 1501w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0RADIUS<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0TACACS+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Protocol and Port(s) Used<\/td>\n<td>UDP: 1812 &amp; 1813<br \/>-or- UDP: 1645 &amp; 1646<\/td>\n<td>TCP: 49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Encryption<\/td>\n<td>Encrypts only the Password Field<\/td>\n<td>Encrypts the entire payload<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/security-vpn\/remote-authentication-dial-user-service-radius\/13838-10.html\">TACACS+ and RADIUS Comparison (Cisco)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.networkworld.com\/article\/2838882\/radius-versus-tacacs.html\">RADIUS versus TACACS+<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/sec_usr_tacacs\/configuration\/xe-16\/sec-usr-tacacs-xe-16-book\/sec-cfg-tacacs.html\">TACACS+ Configuration Guide<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Configuring-Network-Device-Managementswitch1and2.zip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configuring Network Device Management lab solution<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>REST-Based APIs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REST is acronym for\u00a0<strong>RE<\/strong>presentational\u00a0<strong>S<\/strong>tate\u00a0<strong>T<\/strong>ransfer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applications use application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">API is an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interface_(computing)\">interface<\/a>\u00a0that defines interactions between multiple\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_application\">software applications<\/a>\u00a0or mixed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_hardware\">hardware<\/a>-software intermediaries. A set of functions that allows applications to access data and interact with external software<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/API\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/API<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/learning\/modules\/rest-api-fundamentals\/dne-hands-on-rest-apis\/hands-on-exercises-with-rest-apis\/\">https:\/\/developer.cisco.com\/learning\/modules\/rest-api-fundamentals\/dne-hands-on-rest-apis\/hands-on-exercises-with-rest-apis\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">REST APIs follow a set of foundational rules about what makes a REST API and what does not.\u00a0 REST APIs include the six attributes defined a few decades Roy Fielding. See <a href=\"https:\/\/restfulapi.net\/\">https:\/\/restfulapi.ne<\/a>t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those six attributes are<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Client\/server architecture<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Stateless operation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Clear statement of cacheable\/uncacheable<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Uniform interface<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Layered<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u25a0 Code-on-demand<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>REST APIs and HTTP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The creators of REST-based APIs often choose HTTP because HTTP\u2019s logic matches some of the concepts defined more generally for REST APIs. HTTP uses the same principles as REST: it operates with a client\/server model; it uses a stateless operational model; and it includes headers that clearly mark objects as cacheable or not cacheable. It also includes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">verbs\u2014words that dictate the desired action for a pair HTTP Request and Reply\u2014which matches how applications like to work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Routing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ipcisco.com\/bgp-part-1\/\">Understanding BGP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.omnisecu.com\/cisco-certified-network-associate-ccna\/what-is-ospf-metric-value-cost-and-ospf-default-cost-reference-bandwidth.php\">What is OSPF cost<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/ip-routed-protocols\/113153-adjust-ad-00.html\">Adjust Administrative Distance for Route Selection in Cisco IOS Routers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inetdaemon.com\/tutorials\/internet\/ip\/routing\/bgp\/autonomous_system_number.shtml\">eBGP ASN numbers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SDN\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A controller, or SDN controller, centralizes the control of the networking devices. The<br \/>degree of control, and the type of control, varies widely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a controller-based network architecture, the controller needs to communicate to the networking devices. The 2 APIs interfaces needed are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The\u00a0 interface between the controller and those devices, \u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>southbound interface (SBI).<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A controller\u2019s <strong>northbound interface (NBI)<\/strong> opens the controller so its data and functions can<br \/>be used by other programs, enabling network programmability, with much quicker development<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.baeldung.com\/cs\/network-traffic-north-south-east-west\">https:\/\/www.baeldung.com\/cs\/network-traffic-north-south-east-west<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SD-WAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/community.cisco.com\/t5\/networking-knowledge-base\/sd-wan-community-resources\/ta-p\/4604647\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SD-WAN Community Resources<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The primary components for the Cisco SD-WAN solution consist of the\u00a0<strong>vManage network management system (management plane)<\/strong>, the vSmart controller (control plane), the vBond orchestrator (orchestration plane), and the vEdge router (data plane).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>vManage<\/strong> \u2013 This centralized network management system provides a GUI interface to easily monitor, configure, and maintain all Cisco SD-WAN devices and links in the underlay and overlay network.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>vSmart<\/strong> controller \u2013 This software-based component is responsible for the centralized control plane of the SD-WAN network. It establishes a secure connection to each vEdge router and distributes routes and policy information via the Overlay Management Protocol (OMP), acting as a route reflector. It also orchestrates the secure data plane connectivity between the vEdge routers by distributing crypto key information, allowing for a very scalable, IKE-less architecture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>vBond<\/strong> orchestrator \u2013 This software-based component performs the initial authentication of vEdge devices and orchestrates vSmart and vEdge connectivity. It also has an important role in enabling the communication of devices that sit behind Network Address Translation (NAT).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>vEdge<\/strong> router \u2013 This device, available as either a hardware appliance or software-based router, sits at a physical site or in the cloud and provides secure data plane connectivity among the sites over one or more WAN transports. It is responsible for traffic forwarding, security, encryption, Quality of Service (QoS), routing protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), and more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reference:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/solutions\/CVD\/SDWAN\/CVD-SD-WAN-Design-2018OCT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/solutions\/CVD\/SDWAN\/CVD-SD-WAN-Design-2018OCT.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SNMP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/ios-xml\/ios\/snmp\/configuration\/xe-3se\/3850\/snmp-xe-3se-3850-book\/nm-snmp-snmpv3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cisco SNMP v3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst2960\/software\/release\/12-2_55_se\/configuration\/guide\/scg_2960\/swsnmp.html?dtid=osscdc000283\">How to Configure SNMP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/simple-network-management-protocol-snmp\/7282-12.html\">How to Configure SNMP Community Strings<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kb.paessler.com\/en\/topic\/653-how-do-snmp-mibs-and-oids-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/kb.paessler.com\/en\/topic\/653-how-do-snmp-mibs-and-oids-work<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p><strong>6 SNMP Messages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>GetRequest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> Retrieves the value of a specific variable (OID) from an SNMP agent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Manager<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> To query the status or value of a device attribute, like CPU usage or interface status.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>GetNextRequest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> Retrieves the value of the next variable in the Management Information Base (MIB) tree.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Manager<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> Used for iterating through MIB objects, often to walk through a list (e.g., interfaces, routes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>GetBulkRequest<\/strong> (SNMPv2 and above)<\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> Retrieves large blocks of data, such as tables, more efficiently than repeated GetNext requests.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Manager<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> Reduces overhead by fetching multiple rows of data in one request.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>SetRequest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> Sets or changes the value of a variable on an SNMP agent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Manager<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> To configure device settings, such as enabling\/disabling an interface.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>Response<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> Carries the data or acknowledgment from the agent to the manager in reply to Get, Set, or other requests.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Agent<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> Confirms or denies the success of the manager&#8217;s request and returns the requested data.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <strong>Trap<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\n\n<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\n<p><strong>Function:<\/strong> An unsolicited message from the agent to the manager indicating a significant event.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Used by:<\/strong> SNMP Agent<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\n<p><strong>Purpose:<\/strong> To alert the manager of events like link failures, high CPU usage, or unauthorized access.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>6 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) messages<\/strong>\u2014also known as <strong>Protocol Data Units (PDUs)<\/strong>\u2014are used for network monitoring and management. Here&#8217;s a breakdown of each and what they do:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SQL<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/MySQL\/default.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn SQL<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>SSO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A single sign-on (SSO) system allows the user to authenticate once to a local device<br \/>and be authorized to access compatible application servers without having to enter<br \/>credentials again. For example, a user could log in to a Windows computer using a<br \/>Microsoft account and be able to access OneDrive, Teams, Office 365 in Outlook,<br \/>and other linked Microsoft and non-Microsoft web services, without having to sign<br \/>in again.<br \/>One means of implementing SSO is the Kerberos framework. Kerberos provides<br \/>SSO authentication to Active Directory, as well as compatibility with other, non-<br \/>Windows operating systems. Kerberos was named after the three-headed guard<br \/>dog of Hades (Cerberus) because it consists of three parts: Client (which requests<br \/>services), Server (from which the service is requested) and a Key Distribution Center<br \/>(KDC)\u2014to vouch for their identity.<br \/>There are two services that make up a KDC: the Authentication Service and the<br \/>Ticket Granting Service.<br \/>The Authentication Service is responsible for authenticating user logon requests.<br \/>More generally, users and services can be authenticated; these are collectively<br \/>referred to as principals. For example, when you sit at a Windows domain<br \/>workstation and log on to the domain (Kerberos documentation refers to realms<br \/>rather than domains, which is Microsoft\u2019s terminology), the first step of logon is to<br \/>authenticate with a KDC server (implemented as a domain controller).<\/p>\n<p><strong>STP<\/strong> ( Spanning Tree Protocol )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/spanning-tree-protocol\/5234-5.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Understand and Configure STP on Catalyst Switches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/spanning-tree-protocol\/19120-122.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Understanding and Tuning Spanning Tree Protocol Timers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/lan-switching\/spanning-tree-protocol\/24062-146.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Understanding Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (802.1w)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2832407&amp;seqNum=5\">https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2832407&amp;seqNum=5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"toc-hId--67946617\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rapid Spanning Tree Port States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are only three port states left in RSTP that correspond to the three possible operational states. The 802.1D disabled, blocking, and listening states are merged into a unique 802.1w discarding state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>STP (802.1D) Port State<\/th>\n<th>RSTP (802.1w) Port State<\/th>\n<th>Is Port Included in Active Topology?<\/th>\n<th>Is Port Learning MAC Addresses?<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Disabled<\/td>\n<td>Discarding<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Blocking<\/td>\n<td>Discarding<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Listening<\/td>\n<td>Discarding<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Learning<\/td>\n<td>Learning<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Forwarding<\/td>\n<td>Forwarding<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<td>Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"toc-hId--1875401080\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mrncciew.com\/2013\/07\/07\/stp-root-port-selection\/\">STP Root Port Selection<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanning_Tree_Protocol#Per-VLAN_Spanning_Tree_and_Per-VLAN_Spanning_Tree_Plus\">Spanning Tree Protocol WIKI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ciscoiseasy.blogspot.sg\/2010\/10\/lesson-20-spanning-tree-protocol.html\">Spanning Tree Protocol Operation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2832407&amp;seqNum=5\">https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2832407&amp;seqNum=5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S<strong>ubnetting<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/support\/docs\/ip\/routing-information-protocol-rip\/13788-3.html\">IP Addressing and Subnetting(info on \/31 also)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Play the Cisco Binary Game!!!!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learningcontent.cisco.com\/games\/binary\/index.html\">https:\/\/learningcontent.cisco.com\/games\/binary\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/ip-subnet-calculator.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">online subnet calculator<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Switch Virtualization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst3750\/software\/troubleshooting\/switch_stacks.html\">Troubleshooting Switch Stacks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/collateral\/switches\/catalyst-3750-series-switches\/prod_white_paper09186a00801b096a.html\">Cisco StackWise and StackWise Plus Technology<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Switch Commands<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong><code>show running-config<\/code><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Displays the current active configuration running in the switch\u2019s RAM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use Case:<\/strong> To check the live configuration including interfaces, VLANs, routing, and security settings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example Output:<\/strong> Shows interface settings, passwords (obscured), hostname, and more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong><code>show startup-config<\/code><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Displays the saved configuration stored in NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use Case:<\/strong> To see what configuration will load after the switch is rebooted.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Compare this with <code>show running-config<\/code> to ensure changes are saved using <code>copy running-config startup-config<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong><code>show interfaces<\/code><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Provides detailed statistics about all switch interfaces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use Case:<\/strong> To troubleshoot and monitor interface health, speed, duplex settings, and errors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example Output:<\/strong> Status (up\/down), speed, input\/output errors, bandwidth usage, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong><code>show ip interface brief<\/code><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Function:<\/strong> Displays a quick summary of all interfaces and their IP addresses and status.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Use Case:<\/strong> For a fast overview to check if interfaces are up and have IP addresses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example Output:<\/strong> Interface names, IP addresses, status (up\/down), and protocol state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Switch Security<\/strong> ( port security )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ort Security Learning modes<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022<strong>Static<\/strong> secure MAC addresses: MAC addresses that are manually configured on a port by using the <strong>switchport port-security mac-address <\/strong><strong><em>mac-address<\/em><\/strong> interface configuration mode command. MAC addresses configured in this way are stored in the address table and are added to the running configuration on the switch. Use <strong>no switchport port-security mac-address <\/strong><strong><em>mac-address<\/em><\/strong> <em>\u00a0to remove the MAC address if that device is no longer connected to the switch.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022<strong>Dynamic<\/strong> secure MAC addresses: MAC addresses that are dynamically learned and stored only in the address table. MAC addresses configured in this way are removed when the switch restarts or when the timer has expired, the\u00a0 optional commands\u00a0 <strong>mac address-table aging-time <\/strong><strong><em>300 <\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>&amp; <\/em><\/strong><strong>switchport port-security aging type inactivity<\/strong><strong><em>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><em>will remove the dynamic MAC address after 5 minutes of inactivity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2022<strong>Sticky<\/strong> secure MAC addresses: MAC addresses that can be dynamically learned or manually configured are stored in the address table, and added to the running configuration. . Use <strong>no switchport port-security mac-address <em>mac-address <\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0to remove the MAC address if that device is no longer connected.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Switchport Aging <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=1722561\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=1722561<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Switch Security Violation modes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>protect<\/strong>\u2014Drops frames with unknown source addresses until you remove a sufficient number of secure MAC addresses to drop below the maximum value.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>restrict<\/strong>\u2014Drops frames with unknown source addresses until you remove a sufficient number of secure MAC addresses to drop below the maximum value and causes the SecurityViolation counter to increment and sends SNMP trap notification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>shutdown<\/strong>\u2014Puts the interface into the error-disabled state immediately and causes the SecurityViolation counter to increment and sends an SNMP trap notification.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Syslog<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-stackify wp-block-embed-stackify\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">https:\/\/stackify.com\/syslog-101\/<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.redhat.com\/en\/documentation\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/6\/html\/deployment_guide\/ch-viewing_and_managing_log_files#ch-Viewing_and_Managing_Log_Files\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Viewing and Managing Log Files (Redhat)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.redhat.com\/en\/documentation\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/6\/html\/deployment_guide\/s1-configuring_rsyslog_on_a_logging_server#s1-configuring_rsyslog_on_a_logging_server\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configuring rsyslog on a Logging Server (Redhat)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.howtoforge.com\/how-to-setup-rsyslog-server-on-ubuntu-1804\/\">https:\/\/www.howtoforge.com\/how-to-setup-rsyslog-server-on-ubuntu-1804\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TCP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmission_Control_Protocol\">Transmission Control Protocol<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/E-Learning\/bulk\/public\/tac\/cim\/cib\/using_cisco_ios_software\/linked\/tcpip.htm#xtocid291425\">Understanding TCP\/IP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.omnisecu.com\/tcpip\/tcp-three-way-handshake.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How TCP Three-way handshake works (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pcarleton.com\/2018\/06\/06\/why-does-tcp-need-a-3-way-handshake-anyway\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Why does TCP even need a 3-way handshake?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TCPDUMP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/18\/10\/introduction-tcpdump\">https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/18\/10\/introduction-tcpdump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>USERNAMES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/lan\/catalyst3850\/software\/release\/3-2_0_se\/system_management\/configuration_guide\/b_sm_32se_3850_cg_chapter_01001.html#concept_A1CBAEB98DF6467AA0C3EE048E8143A9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configuring Administrator Usernames and Passwords<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VLAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=3089357&amp;seqNum=6\">Creating Ethernet VLANs on Catalyst Switches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=3089357&amp;seqNum=6\">Configure InterVLAN Routing on Layer 3 Switches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/routers\/ncs6000\/software\/interfaces\/command\/reference\/b-interfaces-cr-ncs6k\/b_interfaces_cr50ncs_chapter_01001.pdf\">VLAN Subinterface Commands<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>switchport nonegotiate:<\/strong>\u00a0Prevents the interface from generating DTP frames. You can use this command only when the interface switchport mode is\u00a0<strong>access<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>trunk<\/strong>. You must manually configure the neighboring interface as a trunk interface to establish a trunk link. Please see the link below <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2181837&amp;seqNum=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configure DTP<\/a> for more details.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/NODTP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4283\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/NODTP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"840\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/NODTP.jpg 886w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/NODTP-300x124.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/NODTP-768x317.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/><\/a>\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.connecteddots.online\/resources\/cisco-reference\/disabling-dtp-negotiation-switchport-nonegotiate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.connecteddots.online\/resources\/cisco-reference\/disabling-dtp-negotiation-switchport-nonegotiate<\/a><\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciscopress.com\/articles\/article.asp?p=2181837&amp;seqNum=8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configure DTP<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/content.cisco.com\/chapter.sjs?uri=\/searchable\/chapter\/www.cisco.com\/content\/en\/us\/td\/docs\/switches\/connectedgrid\/cg-switch-sw-master\/software\/configuration\/guide\/layer2\/CGS_1000_L2\/l2_vlantrunks.html.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Configure VLAN Trunks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>VXLAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Virtual Extensible LAN<\/strong>\u00a0(<strong>VXLAN<\/strong>) is a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Network_virtualization\">network virtualization<\/a>\u00a0technology that attempts to address the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scalability\">scalability<\/a>\u00a0problems associated with large\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing\">cloud computing<\/a>\u00a0deployments. It uses a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VLAN\">VLAN<\/a>-like encapsulation technique to encapsulate\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OSI_model\">OSI<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Layer_2\">layer 2<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethernet_frame\">Ethernet frames<\/a>\u00a0within\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Layer_4\">layer 4<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User_Datagram_Protocol\">UDP<\/a>\u00a0datagrams, using 4789 as the default\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority\">IANA<\/a>-assigned destination UDP port number.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtual_Extensible_LAN#cite_note-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0VXLAN endpoints, which terminate VXLAN tunnels and may be either virtual or physical\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Switch_port\">switch ports<\/a>, are known as\u00a0<strong>VXLAN tunnel endpoints<\/strong>\u00a0(<strong>VTEPs<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtual_Extensible_LAN\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtual_Extensible_LAN<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When an SDA endpoint (for example, an end-user computer) sends a data link frame into an SDA edge node, the ingress edge node encapsulates the frame and sends it across a VXLAN tunnel to the egress edge node<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fabric edge nodes\u2014SDA nodes that connect to the edge of the SDA fabric\u2014learn the<br \/>location of possible endpoints using traditional means, based on their MAC address,<br \/>individual IP address, and by subnet, identifying each endpoint with an endpoint identifier (EID).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The fabric edge nodes register the fact that the node can reach a given endpoint (EID)<br \/>into a database called the LISP map server.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The LISP map server keeps the list of endpoint identifiers (EIDs) and matching routing<br \/>locators (RLOCs) (which identify the fabric edge node that can reach the EID).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the future, when the fabric data plane needs to forward a message, it will look for and<br \/>find the destination in the LISP map server\u2019s database.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wireshark<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiversity.org\/wiki\/Wireshark\/HTTPS\">Wireshark HTTPS (Has 9 learning Activities.Very good!))<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.wireshark.org\/SSL\">Wireshark SSL<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.wireshark.org\/DisplayFilters\">https:\/\/wiki.wireshark.org\/DisplayFilters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wireshark.org\/docs\/wsug_html_chunked\/ChWorkBuildDisplayFilterSection.html\">How to build Display Filters<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.wireshark.org\/CaptureSetup\/Ethernet\">Ethernet Capture<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Student Labs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Access to Cisco Learning Labs is via the Cisco Learning Labs Portal at the following URL:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Access to these labs is via the Lab Portal at the following URL:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/htdlab.cisco.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/htdlab.cisco.com&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1764652172781000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1WJKO7_2y6c9fjkr5SyDyJ\">https:\/\/htdlab.cisco.com<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"m_-4337135885139876374spc\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ciscocx.qualtrics.com\/jfe\/form\/SV_9AAGU71qrxpEFrE?CID=10062609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Feedback<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Download<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Upload<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">End of David Mark Papkin page on Networking links.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/davidpapkin.org\/\">http:\/\/davidpapkin.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>David Papkin favorite movies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GoodFellas\">Robert Deniro in GoodFellas<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Singapore_(1947_film)\">Ava Gardner in Singapore (Flim Noir)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Seas_(film)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Clarke Gable in China Seas<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page by David Papkin shows useful network links Enroll in Cisco Networking Academy Cisco Networking Academy Resource Hub CCNAX 200-301 exam 200-301 CCNA Exam Topics Study Tool Heard This About Cisco Exams? Let\u2019s Set the Record Straight Cisco Certifications:&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":77,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5461","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5461"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5461\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/77"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}