{"id":5462,"date":"2016-06-26T12:39:00","date_gmt":"2016-06-26T12:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.davidpapkin.net\/?page_id=1723"},"modified":"2016-06-26T12:39:00","modified_gmt":"2016-06-26T12:39:00","slug":"linux-links-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/?page_id=5462","title":{"rendered":"Linux links by David Papkin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This page by David Mark Papkin contains useful Linux links<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Linux_distributions\">List of Linux distributions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/itsfoss.com\/best-linux-beginners\/\">Best Linux Distributions That are Most Suitable for Beginners<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/191207\/10-of-the-most-popular-linux-distributions-compared\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10 of the Most Popular Linux Distributions Compared<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/best-linux-desktop-environments\/\">10 Best and Most Popular Linux Desktop Environments of All Time<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/danielmiessler.com\/study\/fedora_redhat_centos\/\">The Difference Between Fedora, Redhat, and CentOS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/en\/technologies\/linux-platforms\/articles\/relationship-between-fedora-and-rhel\">What is the relationship between Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/en\/about\/press-releases\/red-hat-and-centos-join-forces?source=searchresultlisting\">Red Hat and the CentOS Project Join Forces to Speed Open Source Innovation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.2daygeek.com\/understanding-the-color-code-of-linux-files\/\">Understanding the Color Code of Linux files<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centos.org\/\">The CentOS Project<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/david-papkin-links\/linux-links\/linux-and-the-gpl\/\">Linux and the GPL<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/choosealicense.com\/licenses\/gpl-2.0\/\">GNU General Public License (GPL) v2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unix.stackexchange.com\/questions\/43108\/is-linux-kernel-free-to-modify\">Is Linux kernel free to modify?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.centos.org\/FAQ\/CentOS7\">https:\/\/wiki.centos.org\/FAQ\/CentOS7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.if-not-true-then-false.com\/2012\/howto-change-runlevel-on-grub2\/\">How to change runlevel on Centos 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/developer.ibm.com\/tutorials\/l-lpic1-101-3\/\">Learn Linux, 101: Runlevels, boot targets, shutdown, and reboot<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/whatsmyos.com\/\">What&#8217;s the version of my OS?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxconfig.org\/check-what-debian-version-you-are-running-on-your-linux-system\">Check what Debian version you are running on your Linux system<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unixmen.com\/setup-local-yum-repository-on-centos-rhel-scientific-linux-6-4\/\">Setup Local Yum Repository on CentOS \/ RHEL \/ Scientific Linux 6.4<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ansible<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wWOJcd\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"exacc_ZajcY7L7FIv34-EPsN-o6As_8\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-labelledby=\"exacc_ZajcY7L7FIv34-EPsN-o6As_7\">\n<div id=\"exacc_ZajcY7L7FIv34-EPsN-o6As_7\" class=\"iDjcJe IX9Lgd wwB5gf\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><strong>Q <\/strong>How do I run a playbook in ansible?<\/div>\n<div class=\"r21Kzd\" data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><b style=\"color: initial;\">$ ansible-playbook &lt;playbook.<\/b><span style=\"color: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><b style=\"color: initial;\">yaml&gt;<\/b><span style=\"color: initial;\">\u00a0 -i \/etc\/ansible\/hosts\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><span style=\"color: initial;\">Replace &lt;playbook.yaml with the name of your playbook without the &lt;&gt;.\u00a0 For example, if your playbook is named apache.yaml, the command is:<\/span><\/div>\n<div data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><b style=\"color: initial;\">$ ansible-playbook apache.<\/b><b style=\"color: initial;\">yaml<\/b><span style=\"color: initial;\"> -i \/etc\/ansible\/hosts\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div class=\"r21Kzd\" data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><span style=\"color: initial;\">Use this command to check the playbook for syntax errors: This wont install, just checks!<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"r21Kzd\" data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><span style=\"color: initial;\">$ <strong>ansible-playbook -C apache.yaml -i \/etc\/ansible\/hosts<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\">For example, if my playbook is named <strong>playbook.yaml<\/strong> then type <span style=\"color: initial;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div data-hveid=\"CB4QAQ\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjywZHE2_j8AhWL-zgGHbAvCr0Quk56BAgeEAE\"><span style=\"color: initial;\">$ <strong>ansible-playbook -C\u00a0 apache. yaml -i \/etc\/ansible\/hosts<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>You can find sample playbooks here<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.ansible.com\/ansible\/latest\/network\/getting_started\/first_playbook.html\">https:\/\/docs.ansible.com\/ansible\/latest\/network\/getting_started\/first_playbook.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simplilearn.com\/what-is-ansible-playbook-article#:~:text=Use%20this%20command%20to%20run,yml%3E%20%2D%2Dsyntax%2Dcheck\">https:\/\/www.simplilearn.com\/what-is-ansible-playbook-article#:~:text=Use%20this%20command%20to%20run,yml%3E%20%2D%2Dsyntax%2Dcheck<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bogotobogo.com\/DevOps\/Ansible\/Ansible_SettingUp_Webservers_Apache.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ANSIBLE &#8211; SETTING UP APACHE WEB SERVER<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The links\u00a0 below are from Redhat.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/sysadmin\/ansible-callback-plugins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/sysadmin\/ansible-callback-plugins<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.ansible.com\/ansible\/latest\/collections\/ansible\/builtin\/service_module.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ansible.builtin.service module \u2013 Manage services<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.ansible.com\/ansible\/latest\/reference_appendices\/YAMLSyntax.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YAML syntax for Ansible<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>How to setup a Webserver using Ansible<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Uncomment the ##[webservers] section in \/etc\/ansible\/hosts.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>2. Uncomment the IP address(es) of the remote hosts you want to install Apache webserver on in the webservers section<\/p>\n<p>3. Create a yaml file to be used to run a playbook. Example apache.yml. Please note the first line is 3 dashes. Spacing is CRUCIAL in ansible YAML files. DO NOT USE TAB key! Highly suggest using vim with modified .vimrc file (SEE BELOW) or Visual Studio Code with Ansible extensions installed (easiest since shows spacing graphically)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Install VIM . <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>a) dnf -y install vim<\/p>\n<p>b) cd ~ or cd<\/p>\n<p>c)To make vim able to detect YAML syntax errors, edit the .vimrc\u00a0 file command below:<\/p>\n<p>vim .vimrc<\/p>\n<p>Put the following 2 lines in .vimrc and save and exit.<\/p>\n<p>autocmd FileType yaml setlocal et ts=2 ai sw=2 nu cuc<br \/><br \/><\/p>\n<p>d) vim apache.yml<\/p>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/playbook.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5328 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/playbook.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"576\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/playbook.jpg 576w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/playbook-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<pre>4. Run the playbook<\/pre>\n<pre><span style=\"color: blue;\">ansible-playbook apache.yml -i \/etc\/ansible\/hosts<\/span><\/pre>\n<p>5. Test to see that the remote webserver(s) are installed on the remote host.<\/p>\n<p>ssh root@192.168.1.100<\/p>\n<p>systemctl status httpd<\/p>\n<p><strong>Backup\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/david-papkin-links\/linux-links\/linux-bare-metal-restore-info\/\">Linux Bare Metal Restore info<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bare-metal_restore\">Bare Metal Restore<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.softpanorama.org\/Admin\/Backup\/index.shtml#Notes_of_bare_metal_recovery_\">Notes of bare metal recovery<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/55187-linux-backup-lab-by-david-papkin\/\">55187 Linux Backup lab by David Papkin<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Commands<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/linux-unix\/linux-commands-cheat-sheet\/https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/linux-unix\/linux-commands-cheat-sheet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linux Commands Cheat sheet<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Firewall<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-us\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/7\/html\/security_guide\/sec-using_firewalls\">https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-us\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/7\/html\/security_guide\/sec-using_firewalls<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/phoenixnap.com\/kb\/iptables-tutorial-linux-firewall\">https:\/\/phoenixnap.com\/kb\/iptables-tutorial-linux-firewall<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/faq\/rhel-fedorta-linux-iptables-firewall-configuration-tutorial\/\">CentOS \/ Redhat Iptables Firewall Configuration Tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/help.ubuntu.com\/community\/IptablesHowTo\">Ubuntu Basic iptables howto<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxhint.com\/control-network-traffic-using-iptables\/\">Ubuntu Iptables: How to Control Network Traffic Using iptables?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphical Admin tools<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/sysadmin\/intro-cockpit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An introduction to Cockpit<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-us\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/8\/html-single\/managing_systems_using_the_rhel_8_web_console\/index#getting-started-with-the-rhel-8-web-console_system-management-using-the-RHEL-8-web-console\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Managing systems using the RHEL 8 web console<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxize.com\/post\/how-to-install-webmin-on-centos-7\/\">How to Install Webmin on CentOS 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tecadmin.net\/install-webmin-on-debian\/\">How to Install Latest Webmin on Debian 10\/9\/8<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/webmin.com\/\">Web-based interface for system administration<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hypervisor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.virtualbox.org\/wiki\/Downloads\">Downloads \u2013 Oracle VM VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxhint.com\/install_apache_server_setup_virtual_hosts_ubuntu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Install Apache Server and Set Up Virtual Hosts on Ubuntu 22.04<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/Install-VirtualBox\">https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/Install-VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.virtualbox.org\/wiki\/End-user_documentation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virtual Box Documentation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/helpdeskgeek.com\/virtualization\/how-to-fix-vt-x-is-not-available-verr_vmx-no-vmx-error-in-virtualbox\/#:~:text=Error%20in%20Windows%3F-,Fix%201%3A%20Enable%20VT%2DX%20From%20BIOS,x%20and%20VT%2Dd%20options.\">How to Fix \u201cVT-X Is Not Available (verr_vmx-No-Vmx)\u201d Error in VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p>WSL<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/wsl\/install\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Install Linux on Windows with WSL<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/documentation.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/wsl\/install\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/documentation.microsoft.com\/en-us\/windows\/wsl\/install<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.predsci.com\/~caplanr\/swqu_workshop\/Heliocubed_WSL%2BUbuntu_Setup.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WSL + Ubuntu Setup<\/a><\/p>\n<p>VirtualBox<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.howtogeek.com\/796988\/how-to-install-linux-in-virtualbox\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Install Linux in VirtualBox<\/a><\/p>\n<p>KVM<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/computingforgeeks.com\/install-kvm-hypervisor-on-ubuntu-linux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How To Install KVM Hypervisor on Ubuntu 22.04|20.04<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hyper-V<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/courses.cs.vt.edu\/cs2505\/summer2019\/Notes\/Hyper-V_Installation.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Installing CentOS 7 using Hyper-V<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.altaro.com\/hyper-v\/centos-linux-hyper-v\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CentOS Linux on Hyper-V \u2013 The Complete Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H31FFS_XcNY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centos 7 installation in hyper-v on windows 11<\/a><\/p>\n<p>VMware<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/796982731\/Instructions-to-Install-CentOS-Linux-9-On-VMWare-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Instructions To Install CentOS Linux 9 On VMware Workstation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thesecmaster.com\/blog\/step-by-step-procedure-to-install-centos-linux-on-vmware-workstation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Step\u2011By\u2011Step Procedure To Install CentOS Linux On VMware Workstation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=X1SXAu-3i1M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Installing CentOS\u202f9 on VMware Workstation 17 <\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">MAC Hypervisor<\/span><\/p>\n<p>UTM <a href=\"https:\/\/mac.getutm.app\">https:\/\/mac.getutm.app <\/a><\/p>\n<p>List of iso that prepared but can install others <a href=\"https:\/\/mac.getutm.app\/gallery\/\">https:\/\/mac.getutm.app\/gallery\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Visit the official CentOS website download page<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centos.org\/download\/\">https:\/\/www.centos.org\/download\/<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kali downloads<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kali.org\/get-kali\/#kali-platforms\">https:\/\/www.kali.org\/get-kali\/#kali-platforms<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Rocky Linux<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/rockylinux.org\/\">https:\/\/rockylinux.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p-heading--2 u-no-margin--bottom\"><strong>Ubuntu downloads<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/download\">https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/download<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Monitoring<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/command-line-tools-to-monitor-linux-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/command-line-tools-to-monitor-linux-performance\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegeekstuff.com\/2011\/12\/linux-performance-monitoring-tools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.thegeekstuff.com\/2011\/12\/linux-performance-monitoring-tools\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberithub.com\/steps-to-install-iostat-mpstat-command-on-linux-rhel-centos-7-8\/\">https:\/\/www.cyberithub.com\/steps-to-install-iostat-mpstat-command-on-linux-rhel-centos-7-8\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/faq\/how-to-install-htop-on-centos-linux-8\/#:~:text=For%20remote%20CentOS%208%20server,install%20htop%20in%20CentOS%208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to install htop on CentOS 8<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zoomadmin.com\/HowToInstall\/UbuntuPackage\/ioping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to install ioping on Ubuntu<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxiac.com\/how-to-check-for-open-ports-in-linux-with-netstat-lsof-and-nmap\/\">How To Check For Open Ports in Linux With netstat, lsof And nmap<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/faq\/linux-find-out-what-process-is-using-bandwidth\/\">See Bandwidth Usage Per Process With Nethogs Tool<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linuxhint.com\/monitor_network_traffic_nethogs\/\">How to Monitor Network Traffic using nethogs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/nethogs-monitor-per-process-network-bandwidth-usage-in-real-time\/\">NetHogs \u2013 Monitor Per Process Network Bandwidth Usage in Real Time<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Networking<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.freedesktop.org\/wiki\/Software\/systemd\/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames\/\">What happened to eth0? Predictable Network Interface Names<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unix.stackexchange.com\/questions\/81834\/how-can-i-change-the-default-ens33-network-device-to-old-eth0-on-fedora-19\">How can I change the default \u201cens33\u201d network device to old \u201ceth0\u201d on Fedora 19?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osradar.com\/change-default-network-name-ens33-eth0-centos7-rhel7\/\">Change default network name (ens33) to \u201ceth0\u201d in Centos7\/RHEL7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/ask.xmodulo.com\/change-network-interface-name-centos7.html\">How to change a network interface name on CentOS 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Password reset<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/itsfoss.com\/how-to-hack-ubuntu-password\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Reset Forgotten Ubuntu Password in 2 Minutes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.server-world.info\/en\/note?os=CentOS_Stream_9&amp;p=resetpass#google_vignette\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How To Recover Root Password In RHEL\/CentOS In 5 Minutes?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.server-world.info\/en\/note?os=CentOS_Stream_9&amp;p=resetpass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reset root Password Centos\/Redhat (challenging)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Patching<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.kernelcare.com\/the-ultimate-guide-to-linux-patch-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ultimate guide to linux patch management<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitesourcesoftware.com\/resources\/blog\/patch-management-best-practices\/\">Patch Management Best Practices<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/securityboulevard.com\/2020\/08\/linux-server-security-10-linux-hardening-security-best-practices\/\">10 Linux Hardening &amp; Security Best Practices<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cyberciti.biz\/tips\/linux-security.html\">40 Linux Server Hardening Security Tips [2021 edition]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Permissions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.redhat.com\/sysadmin\/suid-sgid-sticky-bit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linux permissions: SUID, SGID, and sticky bit<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.redhat.com\/en\/documentation\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/8\/html\/configuring_basic_system_settings\/managing-file-system-permissions_configuring-basic-system-settings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Controlling file permissions with umask<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recycle Bin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tecmint.com\/trash-cli-manage-linux-trash-from-command-line\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trash-cli \u2013 A Trashcan Tool to Manage \u2018Trash\u2019 from Linux Command Line<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Scripting<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Create this sample.sh file with vim or nano<\/li>\n<li>chmod 700 sample.sh\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>.\/sample.sh<\/li>\n<li>cat file1.txt<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This will output all commands to file1.txt<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sample.sh<\/span><\/p>\n<p>#!\/bin\/bash<\/p>\n<p>top -n 2 &gt; file1.txt<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/linuxcommand.org\/lc3_writing_shell_scripts.php\">Writing Shell Scripts<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>SELinux<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/opensource.com\/article\/18\/7\/sysadmin-guide-selinux\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A sysadmin&#8217;s guide to SELinux: 42 answers to the big questions<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centos.org\/docs\/5\/html\/5.1\/Deployment_Guide\/sec-sel-enable-disable.html\">enable selinux<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Shell<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"183\">\ud83d\udd39 <strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"183\">Popular Online Linux Shells<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"1410\">\n<thead data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"213\">\n<tr data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"213\">\n<th data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"195\" data-col-size=\"md\">Service<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"213\" data-col-size=\"lg\">What It Offers<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"1410\">\n<tr data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"397\">\n<td data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"289\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"288\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/bellard.org\/jslinux\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"286\">JSLinux<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"289\" data-end=\"397\">A full Linux emulator in your browser (created by Fabrice Bellard). Boots real Linux with busybox tools.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"398\" data-end=\"526\">\n<td data-start=\"398\" data-end=\"436\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"435\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/copy.sh\/v86\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"433\">Copy.sh<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"526\">Emulates x86 PCs and can run Linux, Windows 95, FreeDOS, etc., all inside the browser.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"671\">\n<td data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"571\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"570\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.webminal.org\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"531\" data-end=\"568\">Webminal<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"671\">Online Linux terminal designed for training. Free account required, includes practice exercises.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"797\">\n<td data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"712\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"711\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/linuxzoo.net\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"709\">LinuxZoo<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"797\">Interactive Linux lab environment for learning, with real VM access after signup.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"983\">\n<td data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"894\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"878\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oreilly.com\/online-learning\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"876\">Katacoda (O\u2019Reilly Playground)<\/a><\/strong> (was Katacoda)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"983\">Interactive scenarios for Docker, Kubernetes, and Linux CLI. Many tutorials are free.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1136\">\n<td data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1070\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1069\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tutorialspoint.com\/codingground.htm\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1067\">TutorialsPoint Coding Ground<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1136\">Provides online Linux terminal and IDE for multiple languages.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1257\">\n<td data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1177\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1176\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/replit.com\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1174\">replit.com<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1177\" data-end=\"1257\">While aimed at coding, you can run a Linux shell environment (Ubuntu-based).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1410\">\n<td data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1327\" data-col-size=\"md\"><strong data-start=\"1260\" data-end=\"1326\"><a class=\"cursor-pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/overthewire.org\/wargames\/bandit\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1324\">OverTheWire Bandit<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"lg\" data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1410\">Gamified Linux shell access over SSH for learning commands and security basics.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Software packages<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/phoenixnap.com\/kb\/create-local-yum-repository-centos\">How To Set Up Local Yum Repositories On CentOS 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegeekdiary.com\/centos-rhel-how-to-create-and-host-yum-repository-over-httpd\/\">CentOS \/ RHEL : How to create and host yum repository over httpd<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a style=\"font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;\" href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-us\/red_hat_enterprise_linux\/6\/html\/deployment_guide\/sec-configuring_yum_and_yum_repositories\">Configuring Yum and Yum Repos (REDHAT Docs)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Security<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tldp.org\/LDP\/solrhe\/Securing-Optimizing-Linux-RH-Edition-v1.3\/chap29sec254.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apache in a chroot jail<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Storage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dedoimedo.com\/computers\/grub.html\">GRUB 1 bootloader &#8211; Full tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dedoimedo.com\/computers\/grub-2.html\">GRUB 2 bootloader &#8211; Full tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard\">Linux FHS<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slashroot.in\/understanding-file-system-superblock-linux\">Understanding File System Superblock<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/documentation\/en-US\/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux\/6\/html\/Logical_Volume_Manager_Administration\/LVM_administration.html\">Redhat LVM management<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.techbrown.com\/linux-lvm-logical-volume-centos-7-rhel-7.shtml\">Linux LVM Logical Volume for CentOS 7 \/ RHEL 7<\/a><\/p>\n<p>You can monitor\u00a0<strong>RAID\u00a0<\/strong>devices multiple ways as in:<\/p>\n<div class=\"code\">\n<pre><code><span class=\"text\">$<\/span> <span class=\"text\">sudo<\/span> <span class=\"text\">mdadm<\/span> <span class=\"text\">--detail<\/span> <span class=\"text\">\/dev\/md0<\/span>\n<span class=\"text\">$<\/span> <span class=\"text\">cat<\/span> <span class=\"text\">\/proc\/mdstat<\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>One can also use\u00a0<strong>mdmonitor\u00a0<\/strong>which requires configuring\u00a0<span class=\"monospaced\"><span class=\"text\">\/etc\/mdadm.conf<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The command:<\/p>\n<div class=\"code\">\n<pre><code><span class=\"text\">$<\/span> <span class=\"text\">sudo<\/span> <span class=\"text\">mdadm<\/span> <span class=\"text\">--detail<\/span> <span class=\"text\">\/dev\/mdX<br \/><br \/><\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p>will show the current status of the\u00a0<strong>RAID\u00a0<\/strong>device\u00a0<span class=\"monospaced\"><span class=\"text\">\/dev\/mdX<\/span><\/span>. Another way to do this is to examine the\u00a0<span class=\"monospaced\"><span class=\"text\">\/proc<\/span><\/span> filesystem:\u00a0<code><span class=\"text\"><br \/><\/span><\/code><\/p>\n<p><code><span class=\"text\">$ cat \/proc\/mdstat<\/span><\/code><\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"userinput\"><code><\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Timezones<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q <\/strong>How to set the timezone to Singapore?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong>timedatectl set-timezone Asia\/Singapore<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0timedatectl status\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>User Mgmt<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gecos_field\">Gecos field<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Assorted<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/david-papkin-links\/linux-links\/linux-and-the-gpl\/\">Linux and the GPL<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/choosealicense.com\/licenses\/gpl-2.0\/\">GNU General Public License (GPL) v2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unix.stackexchange.com\/questions\/43108\/is-linux-kernel-free-to-modify\">Is Linux kernel free to modify?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/whatsmyos.com\/\">What&#8217;s the version of my OS?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thegeekdiary.com\/how-to-configure-aclaccess-control-lists-in-linux-filesystem\/\">How to Configure ACL(Access Control Lists) in Linux FileSystem<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/trainer.ntuclearninghub.com\/evaluation\/344627\">NTUC evaluation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q &amp; A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><strong>Q <\/strong>How to check resource usage for a server twice per hour?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong> vmstat 1800 2<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q\u00a0<\/strong> How to tell the status and current RAID level of your Linux software RAID array?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>sudo bash -c mdadm &#8211;detail &#8211;scan\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>cat \/proc\/mdstat<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>How to check your RAID volume md0?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>mdadm &#8211;query \/dev\/md0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>How to check that status of an individual disk in a RAID array?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>mdadm &#8211;examine \/dev\/sdb2 (if sdb2 is the disk you want to check)<\/p>\n<p>How to list logical device in Logical Volumes in lv012?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre class=\"screen\"><strong class=\"userinput\"><code>lvdisplay -v \/dev\/vg00\/lvol2<\/code><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Q How to troubleshoot in Linux?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"fontstyle0\">The following list represents the basic steps in a troubleshooting methodology:<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Identify the problem.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Determine the scope of the problem.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Establish a theory of probable cause\/question the obvious.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Test the theory to determine the cause.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Establish a plan of action.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Implement the solution or escalate the issue.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Verify full system functionality.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Implement preventive measures.<br \/><\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">\u2022 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">Perform a root cause analysis<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>How to check a physical volume that is using Logical Volume Manager?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"userinput\"><code>pvdisplay \/dev\/ssd3<\/code><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Q <\/strong>How to show the usage of process that are consuming network bandwidth?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>a) You can use the <strong>nethogs\u00a0<\/strong>utility.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>ex nethogs -a<\/p>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<p>nethogs -i ens33 or whatever interface you want to get usage stats from.<\/p>\n<p>b) you can use\u00a0<strong>vnstat\u00a0<\/strong> utility<\/p>\n<p>vnstat -i ens33<\/p>\n<p>vnstati -s -i ens33 -o vnstatreport.png<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q\u00a0<\/strong> How to know what ports a server is listening to?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong>\u00a0lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q\u00a0<\/strong> How to see what active connections from the Internet?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>netstat &#8211;listen<\/p>\n<p><strong> Q How to use iptables\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">a) Display Your Firewall status<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">iptables -L -n -v<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00a0b) Display firewall with line numbers<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">iptables -n -L -v &#8211;line-numbers<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">c) Display INPUT or OUTPUT chain rules<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">iptables -L INPUT -n -v<br \/>iptables -L OUTPUT -n -v<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">d) Stop \/ Start \/ Restart the Firewall<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">service iptables stop\/start\/restart<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">e) Drop all incoming \/ forwarded packets, but allow outgoing traffic<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">iptables -P INPUT DROP<br \/>iptables -P FORWARD DROP<br \/>iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT<br \/>iptables -A INPUT -m state &#8211;state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT<br \/>iptables -L -v -n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q\u00a0<\/strong> How to install an Apache web server on a Linux Virtual Machine?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol data-sourcepos=\"3:1-19:0\">\n<li data-sourcepos=\"4:1-4:90\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"4:4-4:90\">Create a new virtual machine and select a Linux distribution, such as Ubuntu or Centos.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"5:1-11:0\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"5:4-5:66\">Click on the &#8220;Create&#8221; button and select the following settings:<\/p>\n<ul data-sourcepos=\"6:5-11:0\">\n<li data-sourcepos=\"6:5-6:33\"><strong>Operating System:<\/strong>\u00a0Linux<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"7:5-7:34\"><strong>Version:<\/strong>\u00a0Ubuntu (64-bit)<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"8:5-8:36\"><strong>Name:<\/strong>\u00a0Your web server name<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"9:5-9:22\"><strong>Memory:<\/strong>\u00a02 GB<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"10:5-11:0\"><strong>Hard Disk:<\/strong>\u00a020 GB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"12:1-12:62\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"12:4-12:62\">Click on the &#8220;Create&#8221; button to create the virtual machine.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"13:1-13:52\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"13:4-13:52\">Once the virtual machine is created, start it up.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"14:1-14:165\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"14:4-14:165\">The virtual machine will boot up and you will be presented with a screen asking you to select a language. Select your language and click on the &#8220;Continue&#8221; button.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"15:1-15:107\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"15:4-15:107\">The virtual machine will now start installing the operating system. This process may take a few minutes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"16:1-16:200\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"16:4-16:200\">Once the operating system is installed, you will be presented with a login screen. Enter the username and password that you created during the installation process and click on the &#8220;Log in&#8221; button.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"17:1-17:50\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"17:4-17:50\">Once you are logged in, open a terminal window.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"18:1-19:0\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"18:5-18:75\">Install the Apache web server package by running the following command:<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"code-block ng-star-inserted\">\n<pre><code class=\"code-container no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\"><strong>sudo apt install apache2<\/strong><br \/>or<br \/><strong>dnf install httpd<\/strong><\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<ol start=\"11\" data-sourcepos=\"24:1-29:0\">\n<li data-sourcepos=\"24:1-25:0\">Type <strong>echo &#8220;Welcome to my website&#8221; &gt;&gt; \/var\/www\/html\/index.html<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The Apache web server will be installed and started automatically. You can verify this by opening a web browser such as Firefox and navigating to the\u00a0<strong>http:\/\/&lt;your IP address&gt;<\/strong>of the virtual machine or <strong>http:\/\/localhost<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"24:1-25:0\">To add a website to the web server, create a new directory in the <code>\/var\/www\/html<\/code> directory and add your website files to it.<\/li>\n<li data-sourcepos=\"28:1-29:0\">\n<p data-sourcepos=\"28:5-28:81\">To update the software packages on the web server, run the following command:<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"code-block ng-star-inserted\">\n<pre><strong><code class=\"code-container no-decoration-radius\" role=\"text\">sudo apt update &amp;&amp; sudo apt upgrade\n<\/code><\/strong><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p data-sourcepos=\"34:1-34:87\">This will update all of the software packages on the web server to the latest versions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Security<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarwindsmsp.com\/content\/network-vulnerability-assessment-steps\">6 Steps to Assess your Network Security<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Follow these\u00a0<a class=\"ext\" title=\"six steps to assess the vulnerability of your network\" href=\"http:\/\/focus.forsythe.com\/articles\/211\/8-Steps-to-an-Effective-Vulnerability-Assessment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six steps to assess the vulnerability of your network<\/a>:<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 1: Identify and understand the way your business is organized and operates<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Most businesses rely on collaboration between representatives from their internal business units, legal teams, and finance departments to coordinate with IT professionals regarding their exact network needs. Consider issues such as\u00a0<em>client or customer privacy, regulatory compliance, business processes, and competitive positioning within your industry.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 2: Locate the applications and data that are used during the business process<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identify which of these are sensitive and what information is at risk in the event of a privacy breach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 3: Search for hidden data sources that may allow easy access to\u00a0secure information<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This is especially important if there is cloud-based access to private data or access across multiple platforms, including smartphones and tablets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 4: Identify both virtual and physical servers that run applications necessary for your business operations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>These servers may not be protected and may allow access to sensitive information without you knowing it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 5: Keep track of what security measures are already in place<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Your network protection may already include specific policies, firewalls, virus detection, VPNs, disaster recovery, and encryption. It\u2019s important to understand the capabilities of your current security measures in order to properly address any vulnerabilities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Step 6: Scan your network for vulnerability<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The results of this scan will give you confirmation of your network\u2019s security. Should a virus or vulnerable area be identified, you will need to develop a network security strategy, possibly with the help of an MSP. There are many tools to scan for vulnerabilities.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breachlock.com\/resources\/blog\/top-5-open-source-tools-for-network-vulnerability-scanning\/\">https:\/\/www.breachlock.com\/resources\/blog\/top-5-open-source-tools-for-network-vulnerability-scanning\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchsecurity\/definition\/vulnerability-scanning\">https:\/\/www.techtarget.com\/searchsecurity\/definition\/vulnerability-scanning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>IS Standard and Frameworks<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Linux Authentication: PAM Tool<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-3291\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/LinuxAuthenticationPAMTool-300x198.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"list \">\n<div class=\"code\">\n<div class=\"note\">\n<div class=\"list \">\n<div class=\"list \">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Name some Linux Security Tips and Checklist<\/p>\n<p><strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"921\" height=\"531\" class=\"wp-image-4185\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg 921w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1-300x173.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1-768x443.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 921px) 100vw, 921px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"921\" height=\"531\" class=\"wp-image-4185\" src=\"https:\/\/davidpapkin.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1.jpg 921w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1-300x173.jpg 300w, \/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/linuxsecuritychecklist-1-768x443.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 921px) 100vw, 921px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Download<\/p>\n<p>Upload<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">End of David Mark Papkin linux links<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page by David Mark Papkin contains useful Linux links List of Linux distributions Best Linux Distributions That are Most Suitable for Beginners 10 of the Most Popular Linux Distributions Compared 10 Best and Most Popular Linux Desktop Environments of&hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":77,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5462","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5462"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5462\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/77"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/davidpapkin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}